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The Zitterbewegung Electron Puzzle
Urdaneta Santos, I. (2023). The Zitterbewegung Electron Puzzle. Physics Essays, Vol 36, Pages 299-355.
This updated revision of semiclassical and relativistic descriptions for the electron go beyond the depiction of the electron as a structureless non-dimensional point like charge with momentum and position determined by a probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction described in terms of an electronic density cloud. The common denominator of most of these approaches is the underlying notion that the vacuum fluctuations are real mechanical features of the vacuum, which therefore acquire some level of structure and organization that give rise to particle’s zitterbewegung - a light speed “trembling-along-the-way” electron motion-, among other features. The large number of correspondences between the models indicate that something very fundamental about the nature of the electron is being put forward by this study.
The Electron and the Holographic Mass Solution
Val baker, A.K.F, Haramein, N. and Alirol, O. (2019). The Electron and the Holographic Mass Solution, Physics Essays, Vol 32, Pages 255-262.
A computation of the electron mass is found utilizing a generalized holographic mass solution in terms of quantum electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. The solution gives a clear insight into the structure of the hydrogen Bohr atom, in terms of the electron cloud and its relationship to the proton and the Planck scale vacuum fluctuations. Our electron mass derivation is in agreement with the measured CODATA 2014 value. As a result, an elucidation of the source of the fine structure constant, the Rydberg constant, and the proton-to-electron mass ratio is determined to be in terms of vacuum energy interacting at the Planck scale.
Resolving the Vacuum Catastrophe: A Generalized Holographic Approach
Haramein, N & Val Baker, A. K. F. (2019). Resolving the Vacuum Catastrophe: A Generalized Holographic Approach, Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, Vol.05 No.02(2019), Article ID:91083, 13 pages
We address the ~122 orders of magnitude discrepancy between the vacuum energy density at the cosmological scale and the vacuum density predicted by quantum field theory. This disagreement is known as the cosmological constant problem or the “vacuum catastrophe”. Utilizing a generalized holographic model, we consider the total mass-energy density in the geometry of a spherical shell universe (as a first order approximation) and find an exact solution for the currently observed critical density of the universe. We discuss the validity of such an approach and consider its implications to cosmogenesis and universal evolution.
Addendum to “Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass” in View of the 2013 Muonic Proton Charge Radius Measurement
Haramein, N. (2013). Addendum to “Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass” in view of the 2013 Muonic Proton Charge Radius Measurement, Hawaii Institute for Unified Physics
We consider the latest results of the measurement of the charge radius of the proton utilizing laser spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen published in Science on January 25, 2013 by an international team lead by Aldo Antognini and carried out at the Paul Scherrer Institute Proton Accelerator. Given the new charge radius measurement, we compute the proton mass utilizing our generalized holographic approach and find that our result is now within 0.00072 ×10-24gm of the 2010-CODATA value of the proton rest mass. Our predicted charge radius is now within 0.00036 ×10-13 cm and remains within one standard deviation of the new measurement.
Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass
Haramein, N. (2012). Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass, Physical Review & Research International, ISSN: 2231-1815, Page 270-292
We find an exact quantized expression of the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein’s field equations utilizing spherical Planck units in a generalized holographic approach. We consider vacuum fluctuations within volumes as well as on horizon surfaces, generating a discrete spacetime quantization and a novel quantized approach to gravitation. When applied at the quantum scale, utilizing the charge radius of the proton, we find values for the rest mass of the proton within 0.069×10-24gm of the CODATA value and when the 2010 muonic proton charge radius measurement is utilized we find a deviation of 0.001×10-24gm from the proton rest mass. We identify a fundamental mass ratio between the vacuum oscillations on the surface horizon and the oscillations within the volume of a proton and find a solution for the gravitational coupling constant to the strong interaction. We derive the energy, angular frequency, and period for such a system and determine its gravitational potential considering mass dilation. We find the force range to be closely correlated with the Yukawa potential typically utilized to illustrate the exponential drop-off of the confining force. Zero free parameters or hidden variables are utilized.
Keywords : Quantum gravity; holographic principle; Schwarzschild solution; proton charge radius; strong interaction; Yukawa potential.
The Schwarzschild Proton
Haramein, N. (2010). The schwarzschild proton, AIP Conference Proceedings, CP 1303, ISBN 978-0-7354-0858-6, pp. 95-100.
This manuscript received a Best Paper Award in the field of “Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, Field Theory, and Gravitation” at CASYS’09 (Computing Anticipatory Systems) in Belgium.
Abstract: We review our model of a proton that obeys the Schwarzschild condition. We find that only a very small percentage (~10-39%) of the vacuum fluctuations available within a proton volume need be cohered and converted to mass-energy in order for the proton to meet the Schwarzschild condition. This proportion is equivalent to that between gravitation and the strong force where gravitation is thought to be ~10-38 to 10-40 weaker than the strong force. Gravitational attraction between two contiguous Schwarzschild protons can accommodate both nucleon and quark confinement. We calculate that two contiguous Schwarzschild protons would rotate at c and have a period of 10-23s and a frequency of 1022 Hz which is characteristic of the strong force interaction time and a close approximation of the gamma emission typically associated with nuclear decay. We include a scaling law and find that the Schwarzschild proton data point lies near the least squares trend line for organized matter. Using a semi-classical model, we find that a proton charge orbiting at a proton radius at c generates a good approximation to the measured anomalous magnetic moment.
Scale Unification – A Universal Scaling Law for Organized Matter
Haramein, N., Rauscher, E.A., and Hyson, M. (2008). Scale unification: a universal scaling law. Proceedings of the Unified Theories Conference. ISBN 9780967868776
Abstract: From observational data and our theoretical analysis, we demonstrate that a scaling law can be written for all organized matter utilizing the Schwarzschild condition, describing cosmological to sub-atomic structures. Of interest are solutions involving torque and Coriolis effects in the field equations. Significant observations have led to theoretical and experimental advancement describing systems undergoing gravitational collapse, including vacuum interactions. The universality of this scaling law suggests an underlying polarizable structured vacuum of mini white holes/black holes. We briefly discuss the manner in which this structured vacuum can be described in terms of resolution of scale analogous to a fractal-like scaling as a means of renormalization at the Planck distance. Finally, we describe a new horizon we term the “spin horizon” which is defined as a result of a spacetime torque producing boundary conditions in a magnetohydrodynamic structure.
Spinors, Twistors, Quaternions, and the “Spacetime” Torus Topology
Rauscher, E.A., and Haramein, N., (2007). Spinors, twistors, quaternions, and the “spacetime” torus topology, International Journal of Computing Anticipatory Systems, 1373-5411.
Abstract: The dual torus topology occupies a central role in the spinor, twistor and quaternionic formulation. This topology appears to be ubiquitous in astrophysical and cosmological phenomena and is predicted by the U4 bubble of the affine connection in the HarameinRauscher solution to Einstein’s field equations. The geometric structure of the complexified Minkowski space is associated with the twistor algebra, spinor calculus, and the SUn groups of the quaternionic formalism. Hence quantum theory and relativity are related mathematically through the dual torus topology. Utilizing the spinor approach, electromagnetic and gravitational metrics are mappable to the twistor algebra, which corresponds to the complexified Minkowski space. Quaternion transformations relate to spin and rotation corresponding to the twistor analysis.
Collective Coherent Oscillation Plasma Modes in Surrounding Media of Black Holes and Vacuum Structure – Quantum Processes with Considerations of Spacetime Torque and Coriolis Forces
Haramein, N., Rauscher, E. A. (2005). Collective coherent oscillation plasma modes in surrounding media of black holes and vacuum structure- quantum processes with considerations of spacetime torque and coriolis forces. Orinda: Beyond The Standard Model: Searching for Unity in Physics, 279-331.
Abstract: The main forces driving black holes, neutron stars, pulsars, quasars, and supernovae dynamics have certain commonality to the mechanisms of less tumultuous systems such as galaxies, stellar and planetary dynamics. They involve gravity, electromagnetic, and single and collective particle processes. We examine the collective coherent structures of plasma and their interactions with the vacuum. In this paper we present a balance equation and, in particular, the balance between extremely collapsing gravitational systems and their surrounding energetic plasma media. Of particular interest is the dynamics of the plasma media, the structure of the vacuum, and the coupling of electromagnetic and gravitational forces with the inclusion of torque and Coriolis phenomena as described by the Haramein-Rauscher solution to Einstein’s field equations. The exotic nature of complex black holes involves not only the black hole itself but the surrounding plasma media. The main forces involved are intense gravitational collapsing forces, powerful electromagnetic fields, charge, and spin angular momentum. We find soliton or magneto-acoustic plasma solutions to the relativistic Vlasov equations solved in the vicinity of black hole ergospheres. Collective phonon or plasmon states of plasma fields are given. We utilize the Hamiltonian formalism to describe the collective states of matter and the dynamic processes within plasma allowing us to deduce a possible polarized vacuum structure and a unified physics.
The Origin of Spin: A Consideration of Torque and Coriolis Forces in Einstein’s Field Equations and Grand Unification Theory
Haramein, N., and Rauscher, E. A. (2005). The orgin of spin: A consideration of torque and coriolis forces in Einstein’s field equations and grand unification theory. Beyond The Standard Model: Searching for Unity in Physics, 1, 153-168.
Abstract. We address the nature of torque and the Coriolis forces as dynamic properties of the spacetime metric and the stress-energy tensor. The inclusion of torque and Coriolis effects in Einstein’s field equations may lead to significant advancements in describing novae and supernovae structures, galactic formations, their center supermassive black holes, polar jets, accretion disks, spiral arms, galactic halo formations and advancements in unification theory as demonstrated in section five. We formulate these additional torque and Coriolis forces terms to amend Einstein’s field equations and solve for a modified Kerr-Newman metric. Lorentz invariance conditions are reconciled by utilizing a modified metrical space, which is not the usual Minkowski space, but the U 4 space. This space is a consequence of the Coriolis force acting as a secondary effect generated from the torque terms. The equivalence principle is preserved using an unsymmetric affine connection. Further, the U 1 Weyl gauge is associated with the electromagnetic field, where the U4 space is four copies of U1. Thus, the form of metric generates the dual torus as two copies of U1 x U1, which we demonstrate through the S3 spherical space, is related to the SU2 group and other Lie groups. Hence, the S4 octahedral group and the cuboctahedron group of the GUT (Grand Unification Theory) may be related to our U 4 space in which we formulate solutions to Einstein’s field equations with the inclusion of torque and Coriolis forces.
Biophysics
Unified Physics and the Entanglement Nexus of Awareness
William Brown. Unified Physics and the Entanglement Nexus of Awareness 2019. Journal of Neuroquantology; Vol 17, No 7 (2019)
An analysis is made of the correlation between internal processes of the neurobiological system, which ostensibly generate the subjective qualia of experiential awareness, and the external environment which is comprised of objective phenomena. We describe a mechanism of vacuum-state correlation of quanta in the neurobiological system with spatially and/or temporally separated systems, resulting in a co-dependency of states. This is evaluated in the context of how strong correlation of the dipole moments (of charge and spin) of residues in biological polymers, such as deoxyribonucleic acid and microtubulin, are involved in the information processing of awareness, particularly memory, and are entangled across spatial and temporal domains (spacetime). Coherent electromagnetic emissions from both water nanostructures and associated biomolecules may modulate the electronic properties and thus behaviors of supramolecular systems, representing a significant signaling and regulatory mechanism functioning in tandem to the strong correlation of the spin and electromagnetic dipoles of polarizable structures in biological macromolecules. Strong coherence across macromolecular structures of the biological system and extension through spacetime via entanglement resolves the binding problem associated with the generation of conscious awareness by the brain, as it is not only the result of supposed computational activity of neuronal networks, but the integration of information from multiple reference frames across the entanglement network of spacetime. The entanglement nexus of spacetime, herein referred to as the unified spacememory network, emerges as a component of some of the recent elaborations of quantum spacetime architecture in the holographic mass solution to quantum gravity and unification.
For a layman’s explanation of this paper, see this article.
The Unified Spacememory Network: from cosmogenesis to consciousness
Haramein, N., Brown W., & Val Baker, A. K. F. (2016). The Unified Spacememory Network: from cosmogenesis to consciousness, Journal of Neuroquantology.
The Unified Spacememory Network is a novel approach to describing the information structure of space by physicist Nassim Haramein, biophysicist William Brown, and astrophysicist Amira Val Baker: the encoding of information as memory and the quasi-instantaneous access of information, both of which occur via the multiply-connected architecture of space at the micro-scale. The vast and ever-evolving connectivity network of space is what engenders time via entanglement of multiple spacetime frames, even if they are separated by large spatial and temporal extents at the macro-scale, such that a spacetime coordinate may be a memory imprint in the geometry of another and therefore correlate with a “past” or “future” state, hence generating time via memory, or space-memory. This also engenders a holoinfogramic property of space, as the state of any one spacetime coordinate is accessible to any other coordinate via the multiply-connected geometry, or unified spacememory network. Multiply-connected spacetime geometry is the result of high energy quantum vacuum oscillations occurring at the Planck spatiotemporal scale. These energetic oscillations and the structural-geometry that results is the basis of matter: material manifest from the aether. As structural-geometric entities (geons) of energetic oscillations of space, matter is also integrally connected via the quantum entanglement structure of multiply-connected spacememory, forming an entanglement nexus. The universe is an immensely complicated network of entangled subsystems. Since life is a highly complex organization of matter and biochemical networks, the entanglement nexus is present and operational in the organism as well, functioning as a veritable morphogenic field. We describe how the evolution of living systems is an extension of the morphogenesis and increasing complexity of subsystems of the universe in general, and it is a unified and cohesive process. Importantly, the natural evolution process of the universe is not random, but instead is influenced by trans-temporal entanglement (that is communication via entanglement networks / entangled spacetime coordinates across the temporal domain), where “future” maximally entangled or maximally coherent states operate as an attractor locus, driving systems to greater synergetic organization and higher degrees of complex entanglement networks.
